PHILOSOPHY RESOURCES (L6 & U6)

Answer the following questions:

1.  Mind: What is substance dualism? (3 marks)
2.  God: In his ontological argument, how does St. Anselm define God? (3 marks)
3.  Mind: Explain some reasons a substance dualist might give for claiming mind and body are seperate. (5 marks)
4.  God: Outline St. Anselm's  version of the ontological argument (5 marks)
5.  God: Explain how inductive and deductive arguments differ (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1.  God: What does it mean to claim God is eternal? (3 marks)
2.  God: What does it mean to claim God is everlasting? (3 marks)
3.  God: Explain the differences and similarities between the claims ‘God is eternal’ and ‘God is everlasting’. (5 marks)
4.  Mind: Outline Descartes’ conceivability argument for substance dualism. (5 marks)
5.  Mind: Outline Descartes’ indivisibility argument for substance dualism. (5 marks)

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Answer the following questions:

1.  God: What does it main to claim God is omniscient? (3 marks)
2.  Mind: What are Qualia? (3 marks)
3.  God: Explain the argument that human freedom is impossible if God is omniscient. (5 marks)
4.  God: Outline Descartes' version of the ontological argument (5 marks) <- You will need to look back at your Epistemology notes for this
5.  Mind: Explain the difference between the mind and the brain (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

Metaphysics of God

1.  What does it mean to say God is omnipotent? (3 marks)
2.  What does it mean to say God is onmibenevolent (3 marks)
3.  Explain the paradox of the stone (5 marks)
4.  Explain the Euthyphro dilemma (5 marks)

Paper 1 Revision

1. What does Descartes mean by clear and distinct ideas? (3 marks)
2. What is a hypothetical imperative? (3 marks)
3.  Explain how adding a 'no false lemmas' condition to the tripartite strengthens the definition of knowledge (5 marks)
4.  Explain Hume's "is-ought" gap (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

Epistemology

1.  What is indirect realism? (3 marks)
2.  Outline Hume's fork (3 marks)
3.  Explain how a reliabilist might respond to global scepticism (5 marks)
4.  Explain why justification, truth and belief might not be sufficient conditions for knowledge (5 marks)

Moral Philosophy

1. What is acting in accordance with duty, according to Kant? (3 marks)
2. What is a voluntary action, according to Aristotle? (3 marks)
3.  Explain Hume's argument that moral judgements are not beliefs, since beliefs alone could not motivate us (5 marks)
4.  Explain the distinction between act and rule utilitarianism. (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

Epistemology

1.  What is meant by Tabula Rasa? (3 marks)
2.  What was Descartes' second wave of doubt? (3 marks)
3.  Explain what epistemic virtue is (5 marks)
4.  Outline Berkeley's master argument (5 marks)

Moral Philosophy

1. What is the doctrine of the mean? (3 marks)
2. Outline Ayer's verification principle (3 marks)
3.  Outline Mill's 'proof' of the greatest happiness principle (5 marks)
4.  Outline Kant's first formulation of the categorical imperative (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

Epistemology

1.  What is local scepticism? (3 marks)
2.  What is the difference between a necessary and a contingent truth? (3 marks)
3.  Explain the argument from perceptual variation against Direct Realism (5 marks)
4.  Explain how Locke argues against innatism (5 marks)

Moral Philosophy

1. What is the difference between ethical naturalism and ethical non-naturalism? (3 marks)
2. What is Bentham's quantitative hedonistic utilitarianism? (3 marks)
3.  What is the difference between acting 'in accordance with duty' and 'out of duty'? (5 marks)
4.  Explain the relationship between eudaimonia and pleasure (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

Epistemology

1.  How does Zagzebski define propositional knowledge? (3 marks)
2.  What is direct realism? (3 marks)
3.  Explain Leibniz's argument for innatism based on necessary truths (5 marks)
4.  Summarise Descartes' second wave of doubt (5 marks)

Moral Philosophy

1.  What is preference utilitarianism? (3 marks)
2.  What does Kant mean by "good will"? (3 marks)
3.  Explain the issue that Aristotelian virtue ethics does not give sufficiently clear guidance on how to act (5 marks)
4.  Explain Mackie's argument from relativity (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1.  What is philosophical scepticism? (3 marks)
2.  What is the infallibilist definition of knowledge? (3 marks)
3.  Explain Locke’s and Trotter Cockburn's argument for the existence of the external world based on the coherence of our experience. (5 marks)
4.  Explain what knowledge is, according to reliabilism (5 marks)
5.  Outline Berkeley's Idealism (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1.  What are "Relations of ideas", according to Hume? (3 marks)
2.  What are "Matters of fact", according to Hume? (3 marks)
3.  Outline Descartes' proof of the external world from the existence of God (5 marks)
4.  Outline Locke's argument for the external world from the involuntary nature of our experience (5 marks)
5.  Outline Russell's argument that the existence of the external world is the best hypothesis (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What does Descartes mean by clear and distinct ideas? (3 marks)
2. What does Descartes mean by a rational intuition? (3 marks)
3. Explain Descartes cogito as an example of an a priori intuition (5 marks)
4. Explain one way in which Descartes shows that the idea of God is an a priori intuition (5 marks)
5. Explain one counter argument to Hume's copy principle (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is tabula rasa? (3 marks)
2. What does an innatist about knowledge believe? (3 marks)
3. Explain Plato's argument for innatism (5 marks)
4. Explain Leibniz's argument for innatism (5 marks)
5. Explain Hume's copy principle (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is moral nihilism? (3 marks)
2. What is Hume's is-ought gap? (3 marks)
3. Explain why prescriptivism is a non-cognitivist theory of ethical language (5 marks)
4. Explain Mackie's argument from relativity (5 marks)
5. Explain one example where anti-realism does not seem to account for how we use moral language (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. Outline Ayers' verification principle (3 marks)
2. What is moral anti-realism? (3 marks)
3. Explain what error theory claims about moral language (5 marks)
4. Explain why emotivism is a non-cognitivist theory of ethical language (5 marks)
5. Explain Mackie's argument from queerness (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference between ethical naturalism and ethical non-naturalism? (3 marks)
2. What is moral realism? (3 marks)
3. Explain the difference between moral cognitivism and moral non-cognitivism (5 marks)
4. Explain why Mill may be guilty of the naturalistic fallacy in his proof of the greatest happiness principle (5 marks)
5. Explain Moore's open question argument (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a priori knowledge (3 marks)
2. What is direct realism? (3 marks)
3. Explain the view that belief is not a necessary condition for knowledge (5 marks)
4. Explain why there might be a problem with the role played by God in Berkeley's idealism (5 marks)
5. Explain Locke's primary/secondary quality distinction (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What does Aristotle mean by A) a voluntary action, B) an involuntary action and C) a non-voluntary action (3 marks)
2. Define practical wisdom (3 marks)
3. Explain Aristotle's 'doctrine of the mean (5 marks)
4. Explain the issue of circularity in Aristotle's Virtue Ethics (5 marks)
5. Explain the issue of clashing/competing virtues in Aristotle's virtue ethics (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What does Aristotle mean by 'virtue'? (3 marks)
2. What is meant by 'eudaimonia'? (3 marks)
3. Outline Aristotle's function argument (5 marks)
4. Explain Aristotle's account of the role of education in the development of a moral character. (5 marks)
5. Explain Aristotle's doctrine of the mean. (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What does Kant mean by the 'good will'? (3 marks)
2. What is a perfect duty? (3 marks)
3. Explain the first formulation of the categorical imperative (5 marks)
4. Explain the second formulation of the categorical imperative (5 marks)
5. Explain how the issue of clashing/competing duties challenges Kantian deontology (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is preference utilitarianism? (3 marks)
2. What is 'tyranny of the majority'? (3 marks)
3. Explain how an act utilitarian might make a moral decision (5 marks)
4. Explain the problem of calculation when it comes to Bentham's Utilitarianism (5 marks)
5. Outline what knowledge is according to someone who defines it using 'no false lemmas' (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is meant by 'maximising utility'? (3 marks)
2. What is hedonism? (3 marks)
3. Explain how a rule utilitarian might make a moral decision (5 marks)
4. Explain how Nozick's experience machine challenges Bentham's utilitarianism (5 marks)
5. Outline John Stuart Mill's 'proof' of the greatest happiness principle (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is an a priori statement? (3 marks)
2. What is solipsism? (3 marks)
3. Outline why illusions are a problem for Berkeley's idealism (5 marks)
4. Outline how a direct realist could respond to the argument from hallucination? (5 marks)
5. Outline a problem with the role played by God in Berkeley's idealism (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Berkley's idealism? (3 marks)
2. What is indirect realism? (3 marks)
3. Outline Berkeley's criticism of indirect realism that we cannot know the nature of the external world (5 marks)
4. Outline Berkeley's argument that there is no distinction between primary and secondary qualities (5 marks)
5. Explain the view that justification is not a necessary component of knowledge (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. What is direct realism? (3 marks)
2. What is the tripartite view of propositional knowledge? (3 marks)
3. Outline the argument from illusion against direct realism (5 marks)
4. Explain Locke’s and Trotter Cockburn's argument for the existence of the external world based on the coherence of our experience. (5 marks)
5. Explain Russell's claim that the existence of the external world is the best hypothesis (5 marks)

Answer the following questions:

1. Define (a) acquaintance knowledge, (b) ability knowledge, and (c) propositional knowledge (3 marks)
2. What is an analytic statement? (3 marks)
3. Explain the view that justification, truth and belief are not collectively sufficient conditions of knowledge (5 marks)
4. Explain what knowledge is, according to reliabilism (5 marks)
5. Explain what epistemic virtue is (5 marks)